User guide
Real-world e-scooter range: an energy-budget model (P_drag + P_roll + P_grade + P_accel), derating from payload / wind / temperature / altitude / tire pressure / speed, and how to convert Wh into kilometres
Why a manufacturer's nameplate range is almost always optimistic by 20–60 %, and how to replace blind trust in a marketing number with your own model: the full power equation (P_drag + P_roll + P_grade + P_accel; formulation from Wilson «Bicycling Science» 4th ed. MIT Press and Martin et al. 1998 Journal of Applied Biomechanics 14(3):276–291), drivetrain efficiency η_motor × η_controller × η_battery ≈ 0.55–0.75 over the full chain, six derating axes from real-world conditions (payload +1 kg → +0.5–1 % Wh/km; headwind 5 m/s at 25 km/h → +5.1× P_drag and ~+50–80 % total power; temperature from +20 °C down to 0 °C → −20–30 % usable Wh; –10 °C → −30–40 %; –20 °C → −50 %; altitude — air density ρ(h) = ρ₀ exp(−h/8400 m) gives −12 % drag at 1000 m, but motor cooling deteriorates from rarer convective air; tire pressure below 80 % nominal → +20–40 % Crr per bicyclerollingresistance.com data), a Crr table for e-scooter tires (pneumatic 0.008–0.015; foam-filled 0.020–0.028; solid honeycomb 0.022–0.035 — Cambridge UP / Design Society 2024 comparison + Wilson MIT Press inflated-tire baselines), manufacturer range testing standards (EN 17128:2020 PLEV by CEN/TC 354, UNECE R136 for L1e/L3e categories, SAE J1634 Multi-Cycle Test for EV range, WMTC worldwide motorcycle cycle), a worked example with Wh-to-km conversion, and a route-planning protocol. ENG-first sources (0 RU): Wilson MIT Press, Martin 1998, Schwalbe rolling-resistance technical notes, Bicycle Rolling Resistance Crr database, Cambridge UP / Design Society 2024 e-scooter tire study, EN 17128:2020 (CEN/TC 354), UNECE R136 e-bike type approval, SAE J1634 Multi-Cycle Test, Battery University BU-502 low-temperature discharge, NREL 2018 EV temperature derating studies, NCBI PMC9698970 Li-ion at low temperature review.