payload

Articles, guides, and products tagged "payload" — a combined view of every catalogue resource on this topic.

User guide

Mass distribution, center of gravity and longitudinal load-transfer engineering on an e-scooter: static F_z,f / F_z,r, dynamic ΔN = m·a·h/L, wheelie / stoppie thresholds, anti-squat / anti-dive geometry and optimal brake bias

Mass distribution is the invariant through which all longitudinal forces pass: what the motor creates, the brake dissipates, and the tire transfers to the road **fundamentally depends on the static F_z,f and F_z,r at the wheels and on the dynamic ΔN = m·a·h/L under acceleration or braking**. The canonical [«Brake system engineering» article](@/guide/brake-system-engineering.md) unpacks caliper hydraulics; [«ABS engineering»](@/guide/anti-lock-braking-system-engineering.md) — the control loop that keeps slip ratio λ in the peak-friction window; [«Smooth acceleration and throttle control»](@/guide/acceleration-and-throttle-control.md) — rider technique for launch with weight-transfer control. This deep-dive is a distinct engineering-axis that consolidates these three rider-side contexts into a single mass-distribution design discipline: where to mount the battery (deck vs stem), what wheelbase to target (1000 mm vs 1150 mm), what optimal brake bias looks like (≈70/30 vs 50/50), why an e-scooter with short wheelbase L=1000 mm and high CG h=1.2 m has **2-3× the load-transfer sensitivity of a motorcycle** with L=1400 mm and h=0.7 m. Newton's framework: a rigid body has F = m·a and ΣM = I·α; static normal forces F_z,f = mg·b/L and F_z,r = mg·a/L (where a, b are distances from CG to the front / rear axle); dynamic transfer ΔN = m·a·h/L under longitudinal acceleration. Canonical engineering sources ENG-first: Gillespie «Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics» SAE 1992 ISBN 978-1-56091-199-9 §1.5 (axle loads), §3 (acceleration performance), §4 (braking performance); Cossalter «Motorcycle Dynamics» 2nd ed. 2006 ISBN 978-1-4303-0861-4 §6 longitudinal dynamics; Foale «Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design» 2nd ed. 2006 ISBN 978-84-933286-3-4; Pacejka «Tire and Vehicle Dynamics» 3rd ed. 2012 Butterworth-Heinemann ISBN 978-0-08-097016-5 §1; Wong «Theory of Ground Vehicles» 4th ed. 2008 Wiley ISBN 978-0-470-17038-0; Genta & Morello «The Automotive Chassis» Vol 1 2nd ed. 2020 Springer ISBN 978-3-030-35634-0; ISO 8855:2011 axis convention; EN 17128:2020 PLEV; ECE R78 motorcycle reference.

15 min read

User guide

Real-world e-scooter range: an energy-budget model (P_drag + P_roll + P_grade + P_accel), derating from payload / wind / temperature / altitude / tire pressure / speed, and how to convert Wh into kilometres

Why a manufacturer's nameplate range is almost always optimistic by 20–60 %, and how to replace blind trust in a marketing number with your own model: the full power equation (P_drag + P_roll + P_grade + P_accel; formulation from Wilson «Bicycling Science» 4th ed. MIT Press and Martin et al. 1998 Journal of Applied Biomechanics 14(3):276–291), drivetrain efficiency η_motor × η_controller × η_battery ≈ 0.55–0.75 over the full chain, six derating axes from real-world conditions (payload +1 kg → +0.5–1 % Wh/km; headwind 5 m/s at 25 km/h → +5.1× P_drag and ~+50–80 % total power; temperature from +20 °C down to 0 °C → −20–30 % usable Wh; –10 °C → −30–40 %; –20 °C → −50 %; altitude — air density ρ(h) = ρ₀ exp(−h/8400 m) gives −12 % drag at 1000 m, but motor cooling deteriorates from rarer convective air; tire pressure below 80 % nominal → +20–40 % Crr per bicyclerollingresistance.com data), a Crr table for e-scooter tires (pneumatic 0.008–0.015; foam-filled 0.020–0.028; solid honeycomb 0.022–0.035 — Cambridge UP / Design Society 2024 comparison + Wilson MIT Press inflated-tire baselines), manufacturer range testing standards (EN 17128:2020 PLEV by CEN/TC 354, UNECE R136 for L1e/L3e categories, SAE J1634 Multi-Cycle Test for EV range, WMTC worldwide motorcycle cycle), a worked example with Wh-to-km conversion, and a route-planning protocol. ENG-first sources (0 RU): Wilson MIT Press, Martin 1998, Schwalbe rolling-resistance technical notes, Bicycle Rolling Resistance Crr database, Cambridge UP / Design Society 2024 e-scooter tire study, EN 17128:2020 (CEN/TC 354), UNECE R136 e-bike type approval, SAE J1634 Multi-Cycle Test, Battery University BU-502 low-temperature discharge, NREL 2018 EV temperature derating studies, NCBI PMC9698970 Li-ion at low temperature review.

14 min read

User guide

Carrying cargo and payload on an e-scooter: backpack vs panniers vs handlebar bag vs frame bag vs deck-mounted, max-payload engineering, weight distribution and effects on stopping distance / range / CoG / stability / tire pressure / motor thermal load

Carrying cargo on an e-scooter is not «just throw on a backpack» — it is a separate engineering discipline in which every extra 5 kg changes five parameters at once: stopping distance (through disc heating and pad fade), CoG height (the difference between a backpack at the shoulders +1.4 m above the deck and a load on the deck itself +0.2 m is up to ±0.1 m of composite-CoG shift, which changes the tip-over threshold and the wheelie limit), tire footprint and optimal pressure (ETRTO targets 15 % tire drop, ΔP ≈ 0.5 psi per +5 kg), range (every 9 kg of additional mass eats 5–10 % of range on flat ground and 10–20 % on uphill per Ride1Up and EBIKE Delight data), motor thermal load (power splits between traction force and gravity on grade, MOSFET overheating scales with the square of current). Manufacturer max-loads range from 100 kg (Segway Ninebot ES4) through 130 kg (Segway MAX G3) and 150 kg (Apollo Pro, Segway GT3) to 180 kg (Kaabo Wolf King GTR) — and that is total deck load, meaning `m_rider + m_apparat (not counted if you hold it) + m_cargo` must remain within a 15 % margin of spec due to frame fatigue, brake-component wear and folding-mechanism stress. The five most common carrier formats — backpack, panniers, handlebar bag, frame bag, deck-mounted — rate differently across five metrics (CoG-impact, steering-impact, fold-impact, capacity, accessibility). This guide is drill-oriented: composite-CoG physics, weight-redistribution formulas, a 7-step securing protocol and an 8-point pre-ride checklist. ENG-first sources: eridehero / Unagi / Levy / NAVEE manufacturer specs, XNITO load-weight-and-braking analysis, Rene Herse / SILCA tire-pressure (Frank Berto 15 % drop standard, ETRTO 20 % deflection), arXiv 1902.03661 tire-deformation paper, Ride1Up / EBIKE Delight / QuietKat range formulas, RegenCargoBikes / Academia.edu cargo-bike CoG physics, Letrigo / ADVMoto / Bike Forums cargo-securing best practices.

14 min read