reaction time

Articles, guides, and products tagged "reaction time" — a combined view of every catalogue resource on this topic.

User guide

Human factors & ergonomics engineering of an electric scooter as the 30th engineering axis: human-machine fit axis — ISO 9241 series + ISO 7250-1:2017 + ISO/TR 7250-2:2010 + ISO 11226 + ISO 11228 + ISO 14738 + ANSI/HFES 100 + ANSI/HFES 200 + DIN 33402-2 + IEC 62366-1:2015 + ISO 26262-3:2018 controllability + ISO 2631-1 WBV + ISO 7730 thermal comfort + ISO 8995 lighting + WCAG 2.2 + SAE J2944 + NHTSA Driver Distraction Guidelines

Engineering deep-dive into human factors and ergonomics as the 30th engineering axis and 13th cross-cutting infrastructure axis — describes how the fit between rider and scooter is systematically engineered: anthropometric percentile coverage (P5–P95), postural envelope for the standing rider, control reach and grip dimensions (ISO 7250-1), display glance-time and character size (ISO 9241-300 series), cognitive workload and situation awareness, controllability classification C0/C1/C2/C3 for ASIL determination (ISO 26262-3 Annex B), whole-body vibration exposure limits (ISO 2631-1), thermal comfort PMV/PPD (ISO 7730), lighting (ISO 8995), accessibility target size + contrast (WCAG 2.2), driver-distraction lexicon (SAE J2944) and the NHTSA Driver Distraction Guidelines. Covers ISO 9241 series (usability definitions + interaction principles + HCD principles + HCD process + displays + input devices); ISO 7250-1 + ISO/TR 7250-2 anthropometry; ISO 11226 static postures + ISO 11228 manual handling 4-part; ISO 14738 workstation; ANSI/HFES 100 + 200; DIN 33402-2; IEC 62366-1 medical-device usability engineering methodology (applicable beyond medical); 29-row cross-axis matrix maps the ergonomics concept onto each of the 29 prior engineering axes; 8-step DIY owner ergonomic-fit checklist; 16 numbered sections.

15 min read

User guide

Emergency maneuvers and obstacle avoidance on an e-scooter: swerving, threshold braking, two-step weight transfer, target fixation, and PIEV reaction time

Emergency maneuvering is a discipline distinct from planned braking and from steady-state cornering. There is no time for a second attempt — there is one decision made in 0.5–1.5 seconds and one motor sequence executed in the next 0.3–0.8 seconds. If the decision is wrong (you brake when you should have swerved, or you swerve when you should have stopped), two-wheeled physics with small wheels and a high center of gravity punishes you immediately: 86 million shared trips on e-scooters in 2019 ([NACTO — Shared Micromobility in 2019](https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2019sharedmicromobilityreport_final.pdf)) generate 118,485 ED visits in 2024 ([CPSC — E-Scooter and E-Bike Injuries Soar, 2024](https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/2024/E-Scooter-and-E-Bike-Injuries-Soar-2022-Injuries-Increased-Nearly-21)), and CPSC explicitly notes that e-scooters have much higher centers of gravity and smaller wheels with less shock absorption, so pavement quality matters significantly more than it does for bikes or e-bikes. Small wheels and a tall CoG mean that the same patch of damaged pavement that a cyclist will absorb as a transient ride-quality blip will throw an e-scooter rider over the handlebars. This guide covers the two symmetric skills the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF) calls core emergency skills: **threshold braking** (maximum deceleration at the edge of wheel lockup) and **emergency swerve** (rapid line change without braking during the lean phase). Plus — when to use which, and when to combine them sequentially. ENG-first sources: MSF Basic RiderCourse / 'Do I Brake or Swerve' / Quick Video Tips, Wikipedia (Countersteering, Threshold braking, Dooring), CyclingSavvy (Emergency Maneuvers, Door Zone Tragedy), Cycle World and MCrider (target fixation), AASHTO (2.5 s PIEV), CPSC injury reports, IIHS sidewalk speed studies, Nature Communications (projected time-to-collision e-scooter), ScienceDirect (e-scooter vs bicycle crash typology), 99% Invisible (Dutch Reach), Bennetts (brake and swerve), Hupy and URide (emergency drill protocols).

14 min read