SOH

Articles, guides, and products tagged "SOH" — a combined view of every catalogue resource on this topic.

User guide

Used electric scooter: pre-purchase inspection checklist

Structured 11-axis pre-purchase inspection of a second-hand electric scooter: paperwork and serial-number checks (proof of purchase, cross-check against the Xiaomi M365 June 2019 recall — 10,257 units, serials 21074/00000316–21074/00015107 and 16133/00541209–16133/00544518, manufactured 27 Oct – 5 Dec 2018), stolen-goods lookup (UK BikeRegister — Met Police-approved, 1.3M+ bikes registered, free BikeChecker; US Bike Index — 1.4M+ registrations, free), battery as 30–50% of residual value (Battery University BU-808: 300–500 cycles at 4.20 V/cell vs 1,200–2,000 at 4.00 V/cell; BU-808b — voltage stress and SEI growth; SOH via voltage sag under load, capacity test via full charge–discharge; visual cues — swelling, terminal corrosion, thermal marks), fire risk (CPSC 2019–2023: 227 incidents, 39 fatalities, 181 injuries), folding stem (Xiaomi M365 recall), motor and controller (bearing noise, error history on display), brakes (pad thickness, rotor warping, hydraulic line check), tires (NHTSA 49 CFR 574.5 — DOT 4-digit code, first two = week, last two = year; tread depth), lights/IP/connectors (corrosion), test ride (full-charge → load → discharge curve), negotiation red flags (missing serial, no charger, evasive seller, “battery just replaced” without invoice), post-purchase (firmware update, re-registration on BikeRegister/Bike Index).

14 min read

User guide

Scooter lithium-ion battery lifecycle and recycling engineering: cross-cutting sustainability axis — EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 (Battery Passport DPP + recycled content + due diligence + carbon footprint declaration) + WEEE Directive 2012/19/EU + UN ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7 Manual of Tests and Criteria 38.3 (T.1-T.8 transport) + IEC 62902:2019 marking + ISO 12405-4:2018 state-of-health + IEC 62660-3:2022 abuse tolerance + ISO 14040:2006/14044:2006 LCA + EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 EPD + hydrometallurgical/pyrometallurgical/direct recycling processes + second-life ESS applications

Engineering deep-dive into the lifecycle and recycling of e-scooter lithium-ion batteries as the seventh cross-cutting infrastructure axis (sustainability axis), parallel to [fastener engineering as joining axis](@/guide/fastener-and-bolted-joint-engineering.md), [thermal management as heat-dissipation axis](@/guide/thermal-management-engineering.md), [EMC/EMI as interference-mitigation axis](@/guide/emc-emi-engineering.md), [cybersecurity as interconnect-trust axis](@/guide/cybersecurity-engineering.md), [NVH as acoustic-vibration-emission axis](@/guide/nvh-engineering.md), and [functional safety as safety-integrity axis](@/guide/functional-safety-engineering.md). Covers: 10-row regulatory matrix (EU Battery Reg 2023/1542, WEEE 2012/19/EU, UN 38.3, IEC 62902, ISO 12405-4, IEC 62660-3, ISO 14040/14044, EN 15804, Basel Convention, EPR schemes); EU Battery Regulation phased timeline 2024-2031; Battery Passport (DPP) data points per Annex XIII; recycled content targets 2031 and 2036; due diligence on Co/Li/Ni/natural graphite per Annex X; carbon footprint declaration per PEFCR; LMT collection rates 51% by 2028 / 61% by 2031; UN 38.3 T.1-T.8 transport tests; SoH assessment per ISO 12405-4; 4-row recycling process comparison (pyro vs hydro vs direct vs mechanical); material recovery Annex XII (Co 90→95%, Li 50→80%, Ni 90→95%); 6-row second-life matrix (home ESS, peak shaving, EV charging buffer, off-grid solar, frequency regulation, streetlight reserve); 4-row recyclers timeline (Umicore, Northvolt Revolt, Li-Cycle, Redwood Materials); 8-step DIY end-of-life check; 6-step DIY pre-recycle prep; industry shift 2020→2026; 16 numbered sections.

17 min read

User guide

Lithium-ion e-scooter battery engineering: electrochemistry, BMS, thermal runaway, safety standards and life cycle

Engineering deep-dive into lithium-ion batteries — paralleling the behavioural «Charging and battery care» guide: intercalation physics and why graphite-LiCoO₂ yields a 3.7 V nominal cell, while LFP gives 3.2 V; why NMC delivers 200–250 Wh/kg vs. 90–160 in LFP; 18650 / 21700 / 26650 / pouch / prismatic formats — geometry, Wh/L density, heat dissipation; full BMS architecture — protection MOSFETs, passive vs. active balancing, coulomb-counting vs. Kalman SoC estimation, CAN/UART/SMBus telemetry; thermal runaway physics — Arrhenius kinetics, SEI decomposition at 80 °C, separator melt at 130 °C, cathode breakdown at 200 °C, exothermic cascade, propagation prevention through cell spacing and ceramic separator; complete comparative matrix of safety standards — UL 2271 (light EV battery pack), UL 2272 (e-scooter system), UL 2849 (e-bike system), EN 50604-1 (Europe LEV), EN 17128 (Europe PLEV), IEC 62133-2 (cell-level), UN 38.3 (transport — 8 tests from altitude through vibration), UN R136 (type approval); life-cycle physics — cycle aging (DoD effect, capacity fade vs. internal resistance growth), calendar aging (Arrhenius), end-of-life criteria (80% SoH industry threshold); series-parallel voltage topology 10S2P → 13S3P → 16S4P and why 36/48/52/60/72 V became standard.

16 min read