Інженерія людських факторів і ергономіки електросамоката як 30-та engineering axis: human-machine fit axis — ISO 9241 series + ISO 7250-1:2017 + ISO/TR 7250-2:2010 + ISO 11226 + ISO 11228 + ISO 14738 + ANSI/HFES 100 + ANSI/HFES 200 + DIN 33402-2 + IEC 62366-1:2015 + ISO 26262-3:2018 controllability + ISO 2631-1 WBV + ISO 7730 thermal comfort + ISO 8995 lighting + WCAG 2.2 + SAE J2944 + NHTSA Driver Distraction Guidelines
У серії інженерного гайду ми описали акумуляторну батарею з BMS і thermal runaway intro, гальмівну систему, мотор і контролер, підвіску, шини, світло і видимість, раму й вилку, display + HMI, зарядний пристрій SMPS CC/CV, connector + wiring harness, IP-захист, bearingи з ISO 281 L10, стеблину і механізм складання, деку, handgrip + lever + throttle, колесо як assembly, інженерію різьбових з’єднань як joining-axis, термоменеджмент як heat-dissipation axis, EMC/EMI як interference-mitigation axis, кібербезпеку як interconnect-trust axis, NVH як acoustic-vibration-emission axis, функціональну безпеку як safety-integrity axis, інженерію життєвого циклу батареї як sustainability axis, ремонтопридатність як repairability-axis, environmental robustness як environmental-conditioning axis, privacy і захист персональних даних як privacy-preservation axis, інженерію надійності як reliability-prediction meta-axis та software & firmware engineering як SW-process axis. Ці 29 engineering-axes описали підсистеми, способи з’єднання, теплові й електромагнітні явища, безпеку, sustainability, ремонтопридатність, environmental conditioning, privacy, reliability-engineering і SW-process — кілька з них епізодично торкалися ергономіки (handgrip-діаметр у hand-axis, tap-target ≥44 px у display-axis, brake-lever-force у brake-axis), але жодна з них не описала сам інструментарій human factors engineering: як систематично проєктується fit між людиною і самокатом за антропометричним покриттям (P5–P95), постуральною оболонкою, досяжністю органів керування, glance-time дисплея, cognitive workload, situation awareness і controllability для ASIL-determination.
Human factors & ergonomics engineering — це human-machine fit axis усього e-самоката. Вона надає процесні стандарти (ISO 9241-210:2019 Human-Centred Design + ISO 9241-220:2019 HCD process + IEC 62366-1:2015 Usability Engineering Process — методологія, що, попри fokus на медичні пристрої, переноситься на будь-яку safety-relevant людино-машинну систему), дефініції usability (ISO 9241-11:2018 — effectiveness/efficiency/satisfaction у заданому context of use), антропометричні бази (ISO 7250-1:2017 60+ body measurements + ISO/TR 7250-2:2010 statistical summaries для 20+ національних популяцій + DIN 33402-2 + ANSUR II + CAESAR), постуральні норми (ISO 11226 static + ISO 11228 manual handling 4-part), робоче-місце (ISO 14738 anthropometric workstation), ergonomic-аналіз методи (RULA + REBA + OWAS + NIOSH Lifting Equation + Snook-Ciriello tables + Strain Index + ACGIH TLV-HAL), display-ergonomic (ISO 9241-300 series + ISO 9241-303:2011 visual ergonomics LCDs), input-device-ergonomic (ISO 9241-400 series + ANSI/HFES 100-2007 + ANSI/HFES 200-2008), vibration-exposure (ISO 2631-1:1997 + ISO 2631-4 vibration in vehicles), thermal comfort (ISO 7730 PMV/PPD), lighting (ISO 8995), accessibility minima (WCAG 2.2 target-size + contrast — той самий W3C standard, що годує дашборд як touch-target оракул), driver-distraction operationalizations (SAE J2944:2015 lexicon + NHTSA Driver Distraction Guidelines DOT HS 811 547 2-second + 12-second glance limits) і controllability classification для ASIL-determination (ISO 26262-3:2018 Annex B: C0 simply-controllable / C1 normally-controllable / C2 difficult-to-control / C3 uncontrollable).
Це тридцята engineering-axis deep-dive у серії гайду — і тринадцята cross-cutting infrastructure axis (паралельна до joining DT + heat-dissipation DV + interference-mitigation DX + interconnect-trust DZ + acoustic-vibration-emission EB + safety-integrity ED + sustainability EF + repairability EH + environmental-conditioning EJ + privacy-preservation EL + reliability-prediction EN + SW-process EP, тепер human-machine-fit ER). Як і reliability й SW axes, ergonomics-axis не має «залізної» реалізації — це методологія, що визначає, який саме компонент кожної з 29 попередніх axes ви бачите перед собою, на якій висоті руль, наскільки далеко вам тягтись до брейк-важеля, як швидко ви читаєте дашборд і скільки уваги вам лишається на ситуацію навколо.
1. Ergonomics ≠ UX ≠ HMI ≠ accessibility: окрема axis
Ergonomics, UX, HMI і accessibility часто плутають, але вирішують різні задачі:
| Вимір | Ergonomics (ER) | UX | HMI / display (раніше у display-axis) | Accessibility (WCAG) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Питання | Чи fit людина і машина у статиці й русі? | Чи приємно це використовувати? | Який саме інтерфейс показує машина? | Чи можуть користувачі з обмеженими можливостями використовувати? |
| Дисципліна | Anthropometry + biomechanics + cognitive psychology | Design + behavioural research | Embedded SW + display engineering | Accessibility standards |
| Стандарт-фундамент | ISO 9241 series + ISO 7250 + ISO 11226/11228 | Nielsen heuristics + Norman DOET | ISO 9241-300/400 + automotive HMI guidelines | WCAG 2.2 + EN 301 549 |
| Метрика | Reach percentage, MVC, RPE, RULA score | SUS score, NPS, task completion | Glance time, character size, contrast | Pass/fail на 87 WCAG SC |
| Цикл валідації | RULA/REBA/OWAS + NIOSH + ALT з людьми | Usability test з користувачами | HIL + glance-time study | Automated + manual SC test |
| Тригер | “Чи дотягнеться P5 жінка до гальма?” | “Чи нравиться користувачам?” | “Що видно на дашборді?” | “Чи може dim-vision user прочитати?” |
Класичний приклад розмежування: гальмівний важіль на handlebar e-самоката. HMI-axis (display-engineering article) сказала: «Brake-lever має емітувати tactile feedback при click-point». UX сказав: «Користувачам подобається спортивний look». Accessibility сказав: «Target ≥44×44 CSS-px» (WCAG 2.2 — для touch-controls). Ergonomics сказав щось зовсім інше і вимірюване: «reach distance від centre-of-grip до tip-of-pulled-lever має лежати у межах P5 female index-finger length (≈ 64 mm, ISO 7250-1 + ANSUR II) мінус safety-margin для wet-glove operation = target reach ≤ 55 mm, а lever pull force (DIN 33411-5 + ISO 9241-410) ≤ 45 N для full-stop modulation, що знаходиться у P5 female grip-strength (≈ 150 N) ×30% threshold per Borg CR10 RPE 3 ‘moderate exertion’».
Ergonomics не перетинає UX (питання «приємно?»), не дублює HMI (питання «що показувати?»), не повторює accessibility (питання «чи можу взагалі?»). Її питання вузьке і вимірюване: чи fit людина і машина у статиці й русі для P5–P95 range?
2. ISO 9241 series — фундамент ergonomics standards
ISO 9241 “Ergonomics of human-system interaction” — це багатотомна серія (≈40 активних частин), що пройшла дві концептуальні рекалібрування: оригінал (1992–2008) фокусувався на офісних робочих місцях з desktop computers; redesign 2018+ розширив scope до «interactive systems, including built environments, products and services». E-самокат входить у scope як «interactive system» (HMI + control loop + physical user).
| Серія | Тема | Ключова частина |
|---|---|---|
| 9241-1xx | Software ergonomics | 9241-11:2018 Usability: Definitions and concepts; 9241-110:2020 Interaction principles; 9241-112:2017 Information presentation; 9241-125:2017 Visual presentation; 9241-129:2010 Individualization; 9241-143:2012 Forms |
| 9241-2xx | HCD process | 9241-210:2019 Human-centred design for interactive systems; 9241-220:2019 Processes for enabling, executing and assessing HCD within organizations; 9241-231:2017 Recommendations for tactile / haptic interactions |
| 9241-3xx | Displays | 9241-300:2008 Introduction; 9241-303:2011 Requirements for electronic visual displays; 9241-305:2008 Optical lab test methods; 9241-307:2008 Analysis and compliance test methods for electronic visual displays; 9241-310:2010 Visibility, aesthetics and ergonomics of pixel defects |
| 9241-4xx | Physical input devices | 9241-400:2007 Principles and requirements; 9241-410:2008 Design criteria for products; 9241-411:2012 Evaluation methods; 9241-420:2011 Selection procedures; 9241-460:2018 Tactile and haptic interactions |
| 9241-5xx | Workplace ergonomics | 9241-500:2018 Ergonomic principles for the design of workplaces |
| 9241-9xx | Telework / mobile | 9241-960:2017 Framework and guidance for gestures; 9241-810:2020 Robotic, intelligent, autonomous systems |
Ключова визначення (ISO 9241-11:2018 § 3.1.1):
Usability — extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.
Три виміри усability (operationalized у ISO 9241-11:2018 § 7):
- Effectiveness — accuracy and completeness with which users achieve specified goals; e-scooter operationalization: % успішних emergency-stop спроб у dry test за 3 m від обстеження (target ≥ 95% per ISO 26262-3 controllability C0).
- Efficiency — resources used in relation to the results achieved; e-scooter operationalization: average glance-time на дашборд per kilometre, per NHTSA Visual-Manual Guidelines target ≤ 2 s single + ≤ 12 s aggregate.
- Satisfaction — extent to which the user’s physical, cognitive and emotional responses that result from the use of a system, product or service meet the user’s needs and expectations; operationalization: SUS score (System Usability Scale) ≥ 68 = «above average», ≥ 80 = «excellent».
Усability завжди заявляється у конкретному context of use (ISO 9241-11:2018 § 3.1.6 — users + goals + tasks + resources + environment). Один і той самий e-самокат може мати high usability у context «dry urban commute by P50 male 25–45 років» і low usability у context «wet-road emergency stop by P5 female з gloved hands».
3. ISO 9241-210:2019 — 6 принципів human-centred design
ISO 9241-210:2019 “Human-centred design for interactive systems” замінив застарілий ISO 13407:1999. Це процесний стандарт — не описує конкретні методи, а задає 6 принципів, яким має відповідати HCD-process будь-якого продукту:
- Дизайн базується на explicit understanding користувачів, завдань і environment.
- Користувачі залучені на всіх стадіях дизайну і розробки.
- Дизайн управляється і вдосконалюється user-centred evaluation.
- Процес ітеративний.
- Дизайн адресує whole user experience (не лише single interaction).
- Команда дизайну має multidisciplinary skills and perspectives (ergonomics + UX + engineering + domain experts).
HCD process (ISO 9241-210:2019 § 5) — 4 activity loop:
Plan HCD process
↓
┌→ Understand context of use ─┐
│ ↓ │
│ Specify user requirements │
│ ↓ │
│ Produce design solutions │
│ ↓ │
└── Evaluate against requirements
↓
Solution meets requirements?
├── No → loop back
└── Yes → deploy
Кожна ітерація може коштувати reuse evidence з попередніх (e-scooter design не починається з blank slate — anthropometric databases ANSUR II + CAESAR + ISO/TR 7250-2 уже існують і re-use є normative practice).
4. ISO 9241-110:2020 — 7 interaction principles
ISO 9241-110:2020 замінив ISO 9241-10:1996 і ISO 9241-110:2006. Це 7 interaction principles для будь-якого interactive system (експлуатація e-самоката безумовно сюди входить):
- Suitability for the user’s tasks — система підтримує task ефективно й ефіцієнтно; e-scooter operationalization: дашборд показує remaining range, switching cruise-control є one-press operation.
- Self-descriptiveness — кожен крок зрозумілий без зовнішньої довідки; e-scooter: іконки на дашборді stand-alone interpretable per ISO 7000:2019 / ISO 7001:2007.
- Conformity with user expectations — система веде себе як user очікує (population stereotypes); e-scooter: throttle rotates у напрямку traffic stereotype, brake-lever зліва/справа per regional motorcycle convention.
- Learnability — система допомагає user’у вивчити її; e-scooter: tutorial mode + speed-limited учбовий режим перших 50 km.
- Controllability — user контролює pace and direction of interaction (≠ ISO 26262 controllability, тут — про UI control); e-scooter: cruise-control toggle, ride-mode selection, fallback за відключенням power-assist.
- Use error robustness — система робить use errors детектабельними і відновлюваними; e-scooter: throttle release detected within 100 ms, brake-lever recoverable після soft-lock.
- User engagement — система мотивує до safe and effective use; e-scooter: positive feedback при дотриманні eco-mode або hazard-avoidance.
Зверніть увагу на принципи 3, 5 і 6 — у них прямий стик з функціональною безпекою (ED-axis), бо populations stereotypes і robust error-recovery визначають, чи зможе user відновитись від own slip (active error per Reason taxonomy) без caused hazard.
5. ISO 7250-1:2017 + ISO/TR 7250-2:2010 — anthropometric foundation
ISO 7250-1:2017 “Basic human body measurements for technological design” визначає 60+ standard body measurements з анатомічними landmarks. Confirmed 2023 — still active edition (corrected version 2025-04 з European Norm endorsement). Тут — найважливіші для e-самоката:
| Measurement | Definition | P5 female | P50 mixed | P95 male | Use-case |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stature (height) | Перпендикулярна distance від floor до vertex-top-of-head, standing | 1 510 mm | 1 720 mm | 1 880 mm | Handlebar height range |
| Eye height | Vertex-to-eye − 30 mm; від floor до outer canthus | 1 405 mm | 1 605 mm | 1 765 mm | Forward sight-line, mirror placement |
| Shoulder (acromial) height | Floor до lateral acromion | 1 240 mm | 1 425 mm | 1 565 mm | Handlebar grip-zone |
| Elbow height | Floor до radiale (lateral elbow) | 925 mm | 1 075 mm | 1 200 mm | Comfortable hand-position |
| Knuckle height | Floor до metacarpal-3 distal head | 685 mm | 780 mm | 870 mm | Brake-lever lowest reach |
| Hand length | Distal wrist crease до middle-finger tip | 162 mm | 185 mm | 210 mm | Grip span design |
| Hand breadth (at metacarpals) | Across metacarpals 2–5 | 73 mm | 84 mm | 95 mm | Grip diameter |
| Grip diameter (inside) | Inner diameter of cylinder closed by index + thumb tip | 38 mm | 47 mm | 58 mm | Handgrip outer-diameter target |
| Hip breadth (sitting) | Across widest part of hips | 320 mm | 365 mm | 430 mm | Deck-width minimum |
| Foot length | Heel-most-posterior до longest-toe | 230 mm | 260 mm | 290 mm | Deck length min/max |
| Foot breadth | Across metatarsals | 86 mm | 99 mm | 113 mm | Deck width for stance |
Джерела (population pooled — ISO/TR 7250-2:2010 + ANSUR II 2012 US Army + CAESAR civilian North America/EU + DIN 33402-2:2020 German civilian):
- ANSUR II: 4 082 male soldiers + 1 986 female soldiers (US Army, 2012). Public-domain CSV via DTIC.mil.
- CAESAR: 4 400 subjects (US 2 400 + Italy 800 + Netherlands 1 200), 1998–2000. 3D scans + manual measures.
- DIN 33402-2:2020: ≈3 000 German civilians ages 18–65.
- ISO/TR 7250-2:2010: статистичні зведення для 14 національних популяцій (US, UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Japan, Korea, China, India, Mexico, Brazil, Italy, Spain, Australia).
Design rule of thumb (ISO 14738:2002 + ISO 9241-110:2020):
- Reach-критичний параметр (brake-lever pull distance) → P5 female (smallest 5%).
- Clearance-критичний параметр (deck-width to accommodate feet) → P95 male (largest 5%).
- Adjustment-критичний параметр (handlebar height) → adjustable з P5 female до P95 male (
580 mmadjustment range для handlebar from 880 mm до 1 460 mm above deck = ~580 mm — ergonomically valid для standing-rider; sitting e-scooter — окрема axis).
P5–P95 покриває 90% дорослого населення. Покриття P1–P99 (98%) потребує проектування з більшим запасом і обов’язкове для public-shared scooters (типу Lime / Bird sharing class).
6. Standing-rider postural envelope — ISO 11226 + ISO 14738
Класичний sitting workstation з ISO 14738 не покриває standing-rider e-самоката. Натомість використовується ISO 11226:2000 “Ergonomic evaluation of static working postures” — задає неприйнятні (red) / questionable (yellow) / acceptable (green) static posture ranges по основних joints.
Standing-rider neutral posture (стійка вершника, head-up, hands on handlebar, knees soft):
| Joint | Acceptable (green) | Questionable (yellow) | Unacceptable (red) | E-scooter target |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neck flexion | 0–20° | 20–25° | > 25° з sustained | 5–10° (head-up gaze 5 m ahead) |
| Trunk flexion (forward) | 0–20° | 20–60° | > 60° | 5–15° (slight forward stance) |
| Trunk lateral bend | 0° (no bend) | 0–10° | > 10° з sustained | 0° (symmetrical loading) |
| Shoulder flexion | 0–20° | 20–60° | > 60° з sustained, no support | 30–45° (relaxed, hands at hip-shoulder level) |
| Shoulder abduction | 0–20° | 20–60° | > 60° з sustained | 5–15° (handlebar width matches biacromial) |
| Elbow flexion | 60–100° | 100–135° | < 60° з force | 100–135° (loose grip) |
| Wrist extension | 0–30° | 30–45° | > 45° | 5–15° (handgrip slightly above wrist line) |
| Wrist ulnar deviation | 0–10° | 10–15° | > 15° | 0–5° (handlebar 22–25 mm-diameter, grip aligned with forearm) |
| Knee flexion | 5–10° (soft) | 0° (locked) or > 30° | locked-out or deep squat | 5–10° (soft-knee, dynamic shock absorption) |
| Ankle dorsiflexion | 0–10° | 10–20° | > 20° з sustained | 0–5° (flat foot on deck) |
Stability cone (per CAREN gait studies + Pheasant 1996 “Bodyspace”):
- AP-stability (anterior-posterior): foot-length × 0.8 = ≈ 200 mm — target deck length ≥ 220 mm для P50 user без heel-toe lockup.
- ML-stability (medio-lateral): hip-breadth × 0.4 = ≈ 145 mm — target deck width ≥ 160 mm для P50 user без heel-toe stagger.
- Combined stability cone: P5 female potentially може втратити stability при > 4° lateral tilt + cornering G-load > 0.4 g; P95 male — > 6° + 0.6 g (вища body mass = bigger inertial restoring torque).
Як wear-out корелює з reliability-axis EN: standing posture з knees locked > 30 хв викликає venous pooling і peripheral fatigue (β > 1 у Weibull-аналізі attention-loss); soft-knee dynamic стійка triggers reactive small muscle co-contraction, що утримує attention engagement (constant-failure-rate regime — β ≈ 1).
7. Control reach + lever-force — handgrip + brake-lever + throttle
E-самокат має трьох основних control surfaces на handlebar:
A. Handgrip (covered у hand-axis already, тут — ergonomic-fit аспект). ISO 9241-410:2008 + DIN 33411-5:1999 grip-strength data:
- Outer diameter: 30–35 mm (рум-зона hand-breadth 73–95 mm; finger-thumb opposition ≈ 60% hand-breadth ≈ 50 mm).
- Effective length (grip-engagement zone): ≥ hand-breadth + 20 mm = ≥ 115 mm (P95 male).
- Surface friction: dry COF ≥ 0.6 на rubber compound; wet COF ≥ 0.4 (per DIN 53516 abrasion + Schallamach friction tests). Зменшення < 0.3 → grip slip ризик; > 0.8 → blister formation у sustained ride.
B. Brake-lever. ISO 9241-411:2012 + DIN 33411-5 + CIE 17.4 “luminaires control” pull-force range:
- Reach distance (від centre-of-grip до tip-of-pulled-lever, ready-position): ≤ 55 mm (P5 female index-finger length 64 mm − 15% glove-margin).
- Full-stop pull distance (lever travel): 35–55 mm (ergonomic range, не fatiguing навіть з 30 emergency-stops/year).
- Initial activation force: 5–15 N (light initial bite — minimum tactile detection per Weber’s law thresholds).
- Full-stop pull force: 30–60 N (P5 female grip-strength 150 N × 0.3 = 45 N median target). Старі scooters з friction brakes часто потребували 80–120 N — це questionable для P5 female з gloves.
- Modulation gradient: linear-ish, total pull travel ≥ 25 mm для precise control (Fitts’s law: target-width ↑ ⇒ movement time ↓).
C. Throttle (thumb-throttle, lever-throttle, twist-throttle). ISO 9241-410:2008:
- Thumb-throttle: peak thumb-tip force 25–60 N (P5 female 25 N — DIN 33411-5); throttle-spring return-force ≤ 8 N (avoid sustained MVC > 15% при cruise — fatigue threshold per Borg CR10).
- Twist-throttle: rotation 20°–35° от-stop до full-throttle; torque ≤ 0.25 N·m peak (light forearm rotation, ulnar-deviation ≤ 10° per ISO 11226 green zone).
- Lever-throttle (squeeze): pull distance 15–35 mm; force 10–25 N — similar до brake-lever але with lower MVC because cruise applies sustained engagement.
Дотримання цих ranges перевіряється через HALT з людьми (Hobbs method, EN-axis крок 13): 6 cycles × 8 hours × мixed-percentile users (2 P5 female + 2 P50 mixed + 2 P95 male) з RULA-scoring після кожного циклу. RULA score 1–2 = acceptable; 3–4 = further investigation; 5–6 = change soon; 7 = immediate change required.
8. Display ergonomics — glance time + character size + viewing distance
Dashboard e-самоката — це automotive-like glance-time problem. Driver-distraction literature (NHTSA + SAE J2944) встановлює operational glance limits:
- Single glance ≤ 2.0 s (NHTSA Visual-Manual Guidelines 2013) — інакше cognitive tunneling блокує peripheral processing.
- Total glance ≤ 12.0 s для single task (NHTSA cap).
- Glance accumulation ≤ 50% road-time (eyes-off-road percentage).
Для досягнення цих limits required:
Angular character size (ISO 9241-303:2011 § 5.3.2):
- Minimum legible = 20 arc-min height (тобто 1/3 of a degree of visual arc) at 100% legibility.
- Comfortable reading = 24–30 arc-min.
- Розрахунок:
character_height_mm = (viewing_distance_mm × tan(arc_min × π / (60 × 180))). - Для viewing distance 600–800 mm (handlebar-mounted dash до eye, standing rider): character height 3.5–4.7 mm minimum, 4.2–5.6 mm comfortable.
Стандартні dashboard glyphs (e-scooter):
- Speed digits: 12–18 mm (comfortable reading at 700 mm).
- Battery percentage: 6–9 mm.
- Mode indicator: 6–9 mm + icon ≥ 8 × 8 mm.
- Warning icons: 10 × 10 mm + ISO 7000 / ISO 7001 standardized pictograms.
Luminance contrast (ISO 9241-303:2011 § 5.5):
- Daytime (photopic, ≥ 100 cd/m² ambient): display ≥ 500 cd/m² для legibility; ≥ 800 cd/m² для direct sunlight readability.
- Nighttime (mesopic, 0.01–3 cd/m² ambient): display ≤ 30 cd/m² (avoid pupil constriction + dark-adaptation loss); automatic dimming mandatory.
- Contrast ratio (luminance fg-to-bg): ≥ 5:1 character-to-background для AA legibility per WCAG 2.2 SC 1.4.3; ≥ 7:1 для AAA SC 1.4.6.
- Veiling glare (specular reflection from sun): handled by anti-reflective coating (≤ 2% reflectance per ASTM E430) + matte finish + optional polarised filter.
Viewing geometry:
- Vertical viewing angle: 0°–25° below horizontal (eye-line); e-scooter dashboard на stem-top typically 30°–40° below horizontal — borderline acceptable per ISO 9241-303. Краще — stem-mounted dashboard angle adjustment ±10°.
- Horizontal viewing angle: ±15° від forward-line.
- Reading distance: 500–800 mm для comfortable; if < 400 mm — head-down posture issues (neck flexion > 25° red zone).
9. Cognitive ergonomics — workload + situation awareness + attention
Стандарти cognitive ergonomics не такі formal як anthropometry — переважно frameworks і assessment tools, а не requirements specs:
Workload assessment. NASA-TLX (Task Load Index, Hart & Staveland 1988) — 6-dimension subjective rating (mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, frustration) на 21-point bipolar scale. NASA-TLX є default workload measure у safety-critical interaction research (aviation, automotive, medical). E-scooter scenarios: low workload (eco-mode cruise on quiet bikeway) vs. high workload (rush-hour urban junction). High workload зменшує situation-awareness — взаємозалежність вимірюється crossed з SAGAT.
Situation Awareness (Endsley 1995 model, ISO 11064-1 reference):
- Level 1 SA — Perception of elements in the environment (other vehicles, pedestrians, road surface, dashboard alerts).
- Level 2 SA — Comprehension of current situation (combining perceptions into pattern — «велосипедист попереду гальмує»).
- Level 3 SA — Projection of future status (передбачення «що відбудеться через 3 секунди»).
E-scooter operations потребує high Level 3 SA — recovery time від detected hazard до physical maneuver = perception (200 ms) + decision (300–500 ms) + action (200–400 ms) = ~ 1 s. Brake-distance at 25 km/h cruise + dry asphalt = ~ 7 m. SA-failure → late detection → critical reduction of usable brake-distance.
Attention failures (Wickens + Hollands 2000):
- Attentional capture — salient stimulus pulls attention (loud alert → eyes-on-dash → eyes-off-road).
- Attention tunneling — sustained focus на single source (cruise-control comfort → road-environment scan reduction).
- Inattentional blindness — failure to notice unexpected stimulus у full attentional field.
- Change blindness — failure to notice change between two scenes.
Mitigation — interaction design principles:
- Mandatory acknowledgement тільки для life-safety alerts (низький-cry-wolf rate).
- Multimodal cueing — visual + auditory + haptic — для critical alerts (per ISO 9241-460:2018 tactile/haptic).
- Pre-emptive cueing — early-warning audio до visual icon (advance attention shift).
- Workload-adaptive interfaces — supress non-critical info during high-workload periods (eco-mode tip → suppressed at high speed + cornering G-load > 0.3 g).
10. ISO 26262-3 controllability (C0/C1/C2/C3) — interface to functional safety
ISO 26262-3:2018 “Concept phase” Annex B визначає controllability як одну з 3 dimensions у HARA (Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment), поряд з exposure (E0–E4) і severity (S0–S3). Все троє dimensions multiplicatively визначають ASIL (Automotive Safety Integrity Level QM/A/B/C/D).
| Class | Definition (ISO 26262-3 Annex B) | E-scooter приклад |
|---|---|---|
| C0 | Controllable in general — > 99% of drivers can avoid harm during specific operating situation | Normal acceleration delay після throttle release — driver просто чекає responseв і коригує |
| C1 | Simply controllable — 99% of drivers can avoid harm | Sudden cruise-control engagement при low speed (driver applies brake) |
| C2 | Normally controllable — 90% of drivers can avoid harm | Loss of regenerative braking при descent (driver shifts до mechanical brake within 1 s) |
| C3 | Difficult to control or uncontrollable — Less than 90% of drivers can avoid harm | Unintended full-throttle при corner-leaning posture (controllability < 90% — single-axis loss of stability) |
Determining C-class потребує expert evaluation — typically 10+ experienced engineers/test riders score the scenario, з conservative aggregation (median + 1σ shift toward less controllable). Common bias — overestimation of own population’s controllability vs. inexperienced/elderly/wet-conditions populations.
Controllability коректно вимірюється тільки після ergonomic-fit перевірки з previous sections — інакше C-rating reflects mismatch (e.g., P5 female не дотягається до brake-lever) а не inherent controllability of the system. Tому ergonomics є prerequisite для ISO 26262 HARA.
ASIL determination: example «Loss of mechanical brake while descending at 25 km/h on 5% grade».
- S (severity): S2 — severe injuries possible (per AIS 3–5 scale).
- E (exposure): E3 — medium probability (descent ride > 5% of total ride-time).
- C (controllability): C2 — normally controllable through transition to regenerative braking + dynamic foot-down + steering deceleration; ~ 90% riders manage без impact.
- ASIL = S2 × E3 × C2 = ASIL B (per ISO 26262-3 Table 4) — mid-level safety integrity for brake-system redundancy.
11. ISO 2631-1 — whole-body vibration exposure limits
ISO 2631-1:1997 + ISO 2631-4:2001 регулюють whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure. E-scooter cruise емітує WBV у три осі (X — fore-aft, Y — lateral, Z — vertical).
Weighting: kerb-shock + cobble vibration спектр (4–80 Hz dominant) проходить W_d (horizontal) і W_k (vertical) frequency weighting filters per ISO 2631-1 Annex.
Daily exposure metric:
A(8) = a_w × √(t / 8 hours)
де a_w = weighted RMS acceleration (m/s²), t = daily exposure time.
Action / limit values (EU Directive 2002/44/EC):
- EAV (Exposure Action Value): A(8) = 0.5 m/s² — мониторинг + дії обов’язкові.
- ELV (Exposure Limit Value): A(8) = 1.15 m/s² — заборонено перевищувати.
E-scooter measurement (typical asphalt, suspension OFF, foot-on-deck): a_w ≈ 0.6–1.2 m/s² на rough surface, 0.2–0.4 m/s² на smooth. Daily 8-hour cruise → close to ELV → suspension є occupational ergonomic mitigation, не лише comfort. Cumulative WBV exposure linked до lower-back disorders (LBD), carpal tunnel syndrome (hand-arm vibration), digital ischemia (“white finger” — separate ISO 5349-1:2001 hand-arm scope).
12. WCAG 2.2 + accessibility як interface to ergonomics
WCAG 2.2 (October 2023) додав 9 нових success criteria; релевантні для e-scooter HMI / companion-app:
- SC 2.5.5 Target Size (Enhanced) AAA: ≥ 44 × 44 CSS-px для pointer targets. У e-scooter dashboard context — physical touch-screen або hard-button — target ≥ 12 × 12 mm (no scale factor; for glove-wearing — 15 × 15 mm).
- SC 2.5.8 Target Size (Minimum) AA: ≥ 24 × 24 CSS-px — fallback minimum.
- SC 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) AA: 4.5:1 для text < 18 pt / < 14 pt bold; 3:1 для larger.
- SC 1.4.6 Contrast (Enhanced) AAA: 7:1 / 4.5:1.
- SC 1.4.11 Non-text Contrast AA: 3:1 для UI components + graphical objects.
WCAG operationalizes accessibility як superset of usability for non-typical populations — older adults (presbyopia + arthritis), motor-impaired, vision-impaired, hearing-impaired. Compliance з WCAG уже частково покриває anthropometric outliers (high age = different anthropometric percentile dynamics).
13. Cross-axis matrix — ergonomics relevance до 29 попередніх axes
| Engineering axis (попередня) | Ergonomic concept (це axis additionally constrains) |
|---|---|
| DT Joining (fastener torque) | Owner-serviceable joint torque ≤ 30 N·m for P5 female при 200 mm wrench arm |
| DV Heat-dissipation (thermal) | Heat-emission зон handlebar ≤ 40°C contact temp per ISO 13732-1 |
| DX EMC/EMI | High-pitched audio alerts ≥ 65 dB у dominant 2–4 kHz hearing-sensitivity band |
| DZ Cybersecurity | User-facing security UI з reading-time ≤ 30 s, plain-language ≥ 9th-grade |
| EB NVH | Tire/motor noise contributes 50–80 dBA at rider ear; subjective annoyance modulated by harmonic content |
| ED Functional safety | C-rating неможлива без ergonomic-fit prerequisite (це section 10) |
| EF Sustainability | Repair-friendly tool-types reduce cognitive load на DIY owner |
| EH Repairability | Cover-screw access targets reach + tool-engagement per ISO 14738 |
| EJ Environmental conditioning | Glove-wearing changes hand-breadth + grip-friction — design margin |
| EL Privacy | Onboard-consent dialog readable у 2 s glance limits |
| EN Reliability | RPN-FMEA для use-error додає controllability dimension |
| EP SW-process | HMI software ASIL B (typical) → MISRA C compliance + ASIL-B partition |
| Battery / BMS | Charging-port reach ≤ 600 mm від ground (deck-storage кейс) |
| Brake system | Lever-force (this article) determines pad/disc sizing back-stop |
| Motor + controller | Throttle response curve has perception-action coupling threshold (200 ms) |
| Suspension | WBV mitigation per ISO 2631 (section 11) — suspension is ergonomic intervention |
| Tire | Rolling-resistance affects expected pedaling-effort; grip-loss is C2/C3 controllability scenario |
| Lighting | ISO 8995 luminance + WCAG contrast — joint optic-ergonomic |
| Frame + fork | Stem reach + handlebar offset determine shoulder + elbow joint posture |
| HMI / display | Glance-time + character-size (sections 8 + 12 — joint ownership) |
| Charger | Charging-port plug-force ≤ 30 N для P5 female |
| Connector + harness | Connector mating direction follows population-stereotyped twist (clockwise tight) |
| IP-захист | Cover-removal procedure tool-free for IP-rated user-serviceable |
| Bearing | Re-grease intervals communicated у calendar-time + cognitive-easy units |
| Stem + folding | Folding mechanism activation force ≤ 60 N per ANSI/HFES |
| Deck | Width + length ≥ section 6 anthropometric stability cone |
| Handgrip + lever + throttle | Sections 5 + 7 directly own |
| Wheel + rim | Carry-handle when wheels-off-floor — grip force range section 5 |
| Fastener (joint) | Same as DT — owner-serviceable joint torque |
Кожна попередня axis отримує ergonomic constraint як post-condition свого own decision (e.g., brake-system designs pad/disc geometry to deliver target friction, BUT ergonomics constrains brake-lever force-pull characteristic-curve which feeds back to required pad/disc μ × area capacity).
14. Owner-level ergonomic-fit practices
8-step DIY ergonomic-fit checklist:
- Stand on level surface, hands at sides, soft-knee. Зміряйте свою stature (босоніж).
- Adjust handlebar height до elbow-height ± 50 mm (e.g., for P50 male elbow 1 075 mm — handlebar 1 025–1 125 mm above floor).
- Test brake-lever reach — гальмівний важель має бути досяжний з resting-position index/middle finger без full extension. Якщо потрібно — adjust lever clamp position.
- Test brake-lever pull-force — full-stop має досягатись з 3 of 4 fingers з не-pinned-out grip; якщо потрібно ulna-deviated grip — re-position lever clamp.
- Wear gloves you actually ride in — wet-grip / cold-grip operations можуть змінити hand-clearance.
- Posture check at 25 km/h на flat ground — knees soft, trunk slightly forward (5–15°), shoulders relaxed not shrugged, gaze 5 m forward.
- Vibration sanity check — після 10 km на rough urban пере́їзді: чи відчуваєте numbness у пальцях, foot? Якщо так — suspension service / handgrip change.
- Glance discipline — встановіть для себе 2-second glance rule at dashboard. Якщо потребуєте > 2 s consistently — re-arrange visible info або change dashboard configuration.
Слова до старших користувачів (P95 у age, не lower body percentile): expect slower reaction time (RT збільшується ≈ 1 ms / year після 25); decreased grip strength (loss ≈ 1% / year після 50); presbyopia після ~ 45 років (near-vision degradation). E-scooter ergonomic-fit для 65+ adult вимагає larger dashboard glyphs, lower top-speed gating, enhanced contrast, і ride-time limits для cumulative fatigue.
15. Future axes — куди axis-серія розширюватиметься
Як reliability (EN) і SW-process (EP), ergonomics (ER) є process axis з methodology overlay на every попередню engineering-axis. Інші candidate future axes:
- Manufacturing quality (IATF 16949 + APQP + PPAP + SPC + MSA + 8D) — production-process axis. Як прозводиться конкретний exemplar тих scooter-частин, що пройшли всі попередні axes.
- Risk management (ISO 31000:2018 + ISO/IEC 31010:2019 + Bowtie + ALARP + LOPA) — risk-meta-axis верх HARA + TARA + reliability FMEA.
- V&V engineering як standalone axis — поки разділене між functional-safety (ED) і SW-process (EP); IEEE 1012 окремий стандарт.
- Production logistics & supply-chain (ISO 28000 + C-TPAT + AEO + UFLPA compliance) — flow axis.
Жодна з них не є prerequisite до ergonomics-axis — порядок publication лишається на judgement автора, з основним критерієм «що зараз найбільш ціни для е-самокат power-user».
16. Reuse — ergonomic concept-як-pattern
Cross-cutting infrastructure axis pattern v13 — thirteen-instance set (joining DT + heat-dissipation DV + interference-mitigation DX + interconnect-trust DZ + acoustic-vibration-emission EB + safety-integrity ED + sustainability EF + repairability EH + environmental-conditioning EJ + privacy-preservation EL + reliability-prediction EN + SW-process EP + human-machine-fit ER).
Ergonomics, як SW-process і reliability — methodology layered over all others rather than separate subsystem:
- Reliability (EN) описала формальний апарат, щоб прогнозувати і валідувати надійність every попередньої axis.
- SW-process (EP) описав формальний апарат, щоб будувати і доставляти firmware, що реалізує decisions кожної з 28 axes.
- Ergonomics (ER) описує формальний апарат, щоб fit людину з кожною з 29 попередніх axes у статиці й русі — без неї controllability rating (ISO 26262), accessibility compliance (WCAG), і usability score (ISO 9241-11) лишаються qualitative claims без operationalizable evidence.
Recap 10 points:
- Ergonomics ≠ UX ≠ HMI ≠ accessibility — own scope, own metrics, own standards.
- ISO 9241 series — fundament, 6 sub-series (1xx software, 2xx HCD process, 3xx displays, 4xx physical input, 5xx workplace, 9xx mobile/intelligent).
- ISO 9241-11:2018 — usability = effectiveness × efficiency × satisfaction у specified context-of-use.
- ISO 9241-210:2019 — HCD process з 4-activity iterative loop.
- ISO 7250-1:2017 — 60+ standard body measurements; design rule of thumb: reach-критичні до P5 female, clearance-критичні до P95 male.
- ISO 11226 + ISO 14738 — postural envelope для standing-rider e-scooter — 10-joint matrix accepatable/questionable/unacceptable ranges.
- ISO 9241-303:2011 — 20 arc-min minimum legible character size = 3.5–4.7 mm at 600–800 mm viewing distance.
- NHTSA Visual-Manual Guidelines: 2-s single + 12-s aggregate glance limits — operational definition of «driver не відволікся».
- ISO 26262-3 controllability C0/C1/C2/C3 — ergonomics є prerequisite для ASIL determination.
- WCAG 2.2 — superset of usability for non-typical populations; 44 × 44 px tap-target + 4.5:1 contrast minima вже частково покривають anthropometric outliers.
ENG-first джерела (0 російських, 25+ official):
- ISO 9241-11:2018 Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 11: Usability: Definitions and concepts — iso.org/standard/63500.html
- ISO 9241-110:2020 Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 110: Interaction principles — iso.org/standard/75258.html
- ISO 9241-210:2019 Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems — iso.org/standard/77520.html
- ISO 9241-220:2019 Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 220: Processes for enabling, executing and assessing human-centred design within organizations — iso.org/standard/63462.html
- ISO 9241-303:2011 Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 303: Requirements for electronic visual displays — iso.org/standard/57992.html
- ISO 9241-410:2008 Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 410: Design criteria for physical input devices — iso.org/standard/38899.html
- ISO 9241-411:2012 Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 411: Evaluation methods for the design of physical input devices — iso.org/standard/54106.html
- ISO 9241-460:2018 Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 460: Guidelines on the ergonomics of touch screens and tactile displays — iso.org/standard/74333.html
- ISO 7250-1:2017 Basic human body measurements for technological design — Part 1: Body measurement definitions and landmarks (corrected 2025-04) — iso.org/standard/65246.html
- ISO/TR 7250-2:2010 Basic human body measurements for technological design — Part 2: Statistical summaries of body measurements from national populations — iso.org/standard/41249.html
- ISO 11226:2000 / Amd 1:2006 Ergonomics — Evaluation of static working postures — iso.org/standard/25573.html
- ISO 11228-1:2021 Ergonomics — Manual handling — Part 1: Lifting, lowering and carrying — iso.org/standard/76820.html
- ISO 11228-2:2007 Ergonomics — Manual handling — Part 2: Pushing and pulling — iso.org/standard/26521.html
- ISO 11228-3:2007 Ergonomics — Manual handling — Part 3: Handling of low loads at high frequency — iso.org/standard/26522.html
- ISO 14738:2002 Safety of machinery — Anthropometric requirements for the design of workstations at machinery — iso.org/standard/27556.html
- ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations (Human Factors and Ergonomics Society) — hfes.org/Publications/Technical-Standards
- ANSI/HFES 200-2008 Human Factors Engineering of Software User Interfaces — hfes.org/Publications/Technical-Standards
- DIN 33402-2:2020 Ergonomics — Body dimensions of people — Part 2: Values — din.de
- IEC 62366-1:2015 + Amd 1:2020 Medical devices — Part 1: Application of usability engineering to medical devices — iec.ch/publications
- IEC/TR 62366-2:2016 Medical devices — Part 2: Guidance on the application of usability engineering to medical devices — iec.ch/publications
- ISO 26262-3:2018 Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 3: Concept phase (controllability Annex B) — iso.org/standard/68385.html
- ISO 2631-1:1997 + Amd 1:2010 Mechanical vibration and shock — Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration — Part 1: General requirements — iso.org/standard/7612.html
- ISO 2631-4:2001 Whole-body vibration — Part 4: Vibration in fixed-guideway transport systems — iso.org/standard/32178.html
- ISO 7730:2005 Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices — iso.org/standard/39155.html
- ISO 8995-1:2002 (CIE S 008/E:2001) Lighting of work places — Part 1: Indoor — iso.org/standard/28857.html
- ISO 13732-1:2006 Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces — Part 1: Hot surfaces — iso.org/standard/43558.html
- W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2 (W3C Recommendation 5 October 2023) — w3.org/TR/WCAG22/
- SAE J2944:2015 Operational Definitions of Driving Performance Measures and Statistics — sae.org/standards/content/j2944_201506
- NHTSA Visual-Manual NHTSA Driver Distraction Guidelines for In-Vehicle Electronic Devices (DOT HS 811 547, April 2013) — nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/811547.pdf
- US Army ANSUR II — Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Army Personnel: Methods and Summary Statistics (2012) — dtic.mil/citations/AD1473587
- CAESAR Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource Project — humanics-es.com/CAESARvol1.pdf
- N. A. Stanton et al. Human Factors Methods: A Practical Guide for Engineering and Design, 3rd ed., CRC Press, 2017.
- C. D. Wickens, J. G. Hollands Engineering Psychology and Human Performance, 4th ed., Pearson, 2012.
- M. R. Endsley “Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems”, Human Factors 37(1), 1995, pp. 32–64. DOI 10.1518/001872095779049543.
- S. G. Hart, L. E. Staveland “Development of NASA-TLX: Results of empirical and theoretical research” in P. A. Hancock & N. Meshkati (Eds.), Human Mental Workload, North-Holland, 1988.
- J. Reason Human Error, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
- J. Rasmussen “Skills, Rules, and Knowledge: Signals, Signs, and Symbols, and Other Distinctions in Human Performance Models”, IEEE Trans. SMC 13(3), 1983.
- J. Nielsen Usability Engineering, Academic Press, 1993; 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design (1994 revised 2024) — nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics.
- D. A. Norman The Design of Everyday Things, revised ed., Basic Books, 2013.
- S. Pheasant, C. M. Haslegrave Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work, 3rd ed., CRC Press, 2005.
- L. McAtamney, E. N. Corlett “RULA: A survey method for the investigation of work-related upper limb disorders”, Applied Ergonomics 24(2), 1993, pp. 91–99.
- S. Hignett, L. McAtamney “Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)”, Applied Ergonomics 31(2), 2000, pp. 201–205.
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- EU Directive 2002/44/EC On the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (vibration) — eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002L0044.